In a serene grove, a wise seer and her young apprentice sat together. The seer, with eyes full of wisdom, began their lesson.

“Tell me, young one, what do you understand by the quiet?” she asked gently.

The apprentice thought for a moment. “The quiet is a state of stillness, where everything is calm and serene, like the silence at dawn.”

The seer nodded. “Indeed, the quiet is more than the absence of sound. It is where the soul finds rest, where thoughts settle like leaves on a tranquil pond. But what do you see as its opposite?”

“The opposite must be noise, the clamor and chaos that disrupts peace,” the apprentice replied.

“Ah,” the seer said, “but noise is not just sound. It is the turbulence within, the restless mind, the unceasing chatter of desires and fears. The true opposite of the quiet is inner turmoil.”

“So, the quiet is an inner state, a harmony within oneself, while its opposite is the discord from within?” the apprentice asked.

“That's right,” the seer responded, her voice carrying the weight of ancient truths. “To master the quiet is to find balance, to listen to the whispers of the soul amidst the world’s cacophony. Remember, the quiet and its opposite need each other for their existence. The quiet defines the noise, and the noise gives meaning to the quiet.”

The apprentice nodded, understanding the lesson. “I will seek the harmony between the quiet and the noise, for in their balance, I will find truth.”

The seer smiled. “In doing so, you will discover the essence of both the quiet and its opposite, and in that balance, uncover ever deeper truths about yourself and the world.”

As the sun set, casting a golden glow over the grove, the seer and her apprentice sat in peaceful silence, each lost in their own thoughts, yet connected by the shared journey of discovery.

 

 

introduction to noise in circuit design

Before we move on to other topics, it might be beneficial to discuss noise in general. When I first began developing the theory for the decision-making circuit, I believed that circuit-generated noise had to be reduced as much as possible. Over the years, my position slowly began to change as my understanding grew. I eventually realized that for my circuit to work efficiently, some noise was necessary – it was a finely tuned balancing act. Some noise was needed for any chance of success, but not too much.

 

Types of noise in analog frequency generation

So first, let us talk about the types of noise inherent in designing systems that incorporate analog frequency generation techniques:

Thermal Noise (Johnson-Nyquist Noise):

The first question to ask is: what is the typical noise floor for a DC circuit at room temperature (approximately 290 degrees Kelvin)? This can be estimated using thermal noise calculations, often expressed in dBm/Hz, which can be converted to dBc/Hz. At room temperature, this thermal noise floor is roughly -174 dBm/Hz.

Here, the term dBm means decibels relative to one milliwatt, and dBc means decibels relative to the carrier. A decibel is a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale. The dBm is a unit used to measure absolute power levels, quantifying the ratio of a power level to one milliwatt on a logarithmic scale. The dBc is a unit used to express the relative level of a signal component (e.g., harmonics, spurious emissions, etc.,) with respect to the carrier signal’s power level.

The takeaway here is that dBm measures the absolute power level of the signal with reference to 1 mW, while dBc measures the relative strength of a signal component with respect to the carrier signal. If you develop a circuit with a noise floor approaching -170 decibels, you are working near the theoretical minimum noise floor possible for any circuit operating at room temperature. The only way to reduce this noise floor further would be to supercool your circuit. Trading circuit practicality for lower noise might be desirable in a non-portable lab setting, but that wasn’t my goal. It had to work in a form factor that was ultimately portable – preferably in a hand-operated unit. To be honest, if I could only make a clunky stationary device resembling the old-style computers of the 1960s, occupying an entire building filled with boxy electronics cooled by huge coolers, I would have considered my effort a failure, even if it had worked.

How this applies to the DMC/RLB

Important DMC Noise Types:

When examining the block diagram of the 2015 DMC, you’ll notice various inputs feeding into the device. For simplicity, let’s focus on the circuit path that delivers the 1Hz - 10Hz, or whatever your pipeline frequency happens to be,  sine wave to the DMC. However, the principles discussed here apply equally to all other inputs in both the DMC and the RLB.

Despite my efforts to minimize noise, several types of noise infiltrated the DMC circuit along with the desired waveform. Additionally, noise was generated by the operation of semiconductors and integrated circuits. The main types of noise include:

1.   Phase Noise: This manifests as random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform. Even a high-quality oscillator cannot produce a single pure frequency due to phase noise. Instead,  they generate a narrow band of closely adjacent, continuously varying frequencies. These components spread the power of the output signal, creating noise sidebands that degrade signal purity.

2.   Thermal Noise (Johnson-Nyquist Noise): This is the same noise floor mentioned above, caused by the random thermal motion of charge carriers (usually electrons) within an electrical conductor. Thermal noise is unavoidable and present in all circuit components.

3.   Shot Noise: This noise arises from the discrete nature of electric charge. It is typically observed in devices like diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits, where electrons cross a potential barrier.

4.   Flicker Noise (1/f Noise): This type of noise worsens as frequency decreases, particularly affecting the low frequencies defined by the pipeline bandwidth. It can be caused by impurities in the conductive layer of circuitry and recombination noise in solid-state electronic devices. Flicker noise poses a significant challenge when generating controllable QTEs. Every time I hear someone has figured out a way to make a room temperature superconductor, my heart skips a beat or two. Superconducting pathways would really minimize flicker noise in my circuit...

Noise in Quantum superluminal Circuits

The bottom line is how this affects the waveform of the frequency generated and input into the DMC. Phase noise ensures that the oscillator’s output is not a single pure frequency but rather a narrow range of frequencies that differ slightly from each other. This phase noise guarantees that the specific frequency seen by the DMC is random within a narrow bandwidth at any given moment. Other forms of noise also act to distort the waveform away from mathematical purity, meaning any P2 wave created by the DMC reflects this statistical deviation.

practical considerations for noise reduction

As mentioned earlier on the website, the oscillator feeding the DMC is part of a matched pair, with the other oscillator feeding the reintegration logic block (RLB) with a nearly identical signal of the same frequency and waveform as generated by the oscillator within the DMC. The key phrase being ‘nearly identical signal’, because no pair of oscillators operating independently with respect to each other can ever be on the same exact frequency simultaneously. QTEC, being a quantum-based system, requires both frequencies to be exactly the same. Initially, there is no connection between these two systems, and the transmitter and receiver are isolated from each other. Therefore, it is impossible to design a tuning system that relies on feedback to detect the transmitter’s operational frequency. The only known aspect of the transmitting system is its main frequency of operation and the waveform, making it possible to design a circuit that will slowly shift the oscillator in the RLB until it encounters the P2 frequency waveform created by the DMC. Enter the hunter-seeker circuit.

Application to the Dmc / rlb

Noise in the DMC Circuit

The hunter-seeker circuit’s role is to slowly sweep the RLB oscillators’ output until it precisely matches the exact frequency output of the DMC in the transmitter. If the oscillators possess too high a spectral purity, even if the RLB intersects with the DMC output, the link would occur too quickly to generate a usable signal to lock onto. The benefit of noise is that it provides a kind of bandwidth. For instance, if the center frequency is intended to be 10 Hz, noise causes slight variations in the actual waveform. In a high quality oscillator set-up, the instantaneous real-time frequency might range from 9.99999999 Hz to 10.00000001 Hz, resulting in a bandwidth of 2 parts in 50 million, or 0.00000002 Hz. Despite this narrow range, it provides sufficient linkage for the hunter-seeker to lock onto and track.

It is crucial to not lose track of what's happening when the H-S tries, and eventually locks onto, the P2 wave produced by the DMC. When the H-S starts scanning the frequency range, there's no signal for it to latch onto at first. Eventually, it crosses the exact frequency output by the DMC. At this point, the waveforms within the DMC and the RLB can become entangled, generating a QTE detected by the H-S circuit. This lock-on is brief, lasting only as long as the oscillators remain in sync. 

The H-S circuit then reverses its scanning procedure, and at the same time significantly slows the sweep time. This is how it hunts down the elusive DMC waveform, and once it exists due to system entanglement of the noise operators, it locks on using the detected QTEs as input. The process is stochastically dynamic, and if all goes well, the H-S circuit keeps the RLB oscillator hovering around the DMC parameters, enabling effective communication.

Imagine it like a blind, hobbled hunter trying to catch a bear during a midnight blizzard - utter chaos and unpredictability.  But with a stroke of luck, the hunter finally corners the bear just long enough to make meaningful contact.

From the hunter-seeker's perspective within the RLB, as it scans the narrow bandwidth defined by the pipeline center frequency (set by the user as a known parameter of the DMC, here 10 Hz), it will eventually cause the RLB oscillator to encounter the narrow frequency range defined by the noise parameters existing within the DMC. When this happens, detection events will begin to occur, providing the input for the hunter-seeker to lock onto. This process is analogous to how a phase-locked loop tuning circuit in a conventional FM radio operates: H-S lock-on occurs at the point of maximum detection events, at which point the onboard circuitry enters maintenance mode and only adjusts when lock-on starts to deviate from maximum.

Impact of Noise on Waveform

So, if noise is so beneficial, you might wonder why we use an expensive, low-noise, high-spectral-purity oscillator in the first place. Well, noise is like medicine: too little or too much won’t work. Only the right amount leads to a positive outcome. In a regular radio, transmission noise causes splatter that distorts the signal and creates rogue bandwidth that interferes with other parts of the spectrum. In QTEC, noise dilutes your connection capacity. It’s a delicate balance: too little noise at the DMC end makes it impossible for modern electronics to lock onto a P2 wave at the RLB end, but too much noise weakens your connection by spreading it out until it fails. Noise widens the P2 wave bandwidth to allow links to be established at the cost of signal strength. Another, more cynical way of looking at things is that naturally occurring system noise allows an FTL connection to be made but also guarantees it will be fickle and weak.

Related to this discussion, I recently became aware of the following article, originally published by phys.org and later by msn.com, whose subject deals closely with the topic of noise in an entangled system:

A maximally entangled quantum state with a fixed spectrum does not exist in the presence of noise, mathematician claims (msn.com)

Mathematician Julio I. de Vicente of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, has found that a quantum system cannot achieve maximal entanglement in the presence of noise. Essentially, the more noise in an entangled system, the less entanglement there will be. De Vicente is dealing with how noise effects things at the top end of the spectrum, where I'd imagine qubits need to be as clean and noise free as possible. However the article does not address the lower end of the spectrum.

I believe QTEC has focused on an intriguing, yet independently discovered, corollary related to di Vicente's findings: while noise detracts from the high end of a system, it contributes to the low end. As previously discussed, it is the noise in the system that enables the subtle entanglement necessary for Quantum Transition Effect Communications (QTEC). This perspective offers a unique understanding of how the superluminal pipeline operates: the entanglement operators existing between the system pair, the DMC and the RLB, is actually the noise within the system, not the quantum operators defined by system parameters. Noise becomes a manipulable quantum state capable of carrying information. Of course, in a Qtec system, noise is not a random product, but is created by carefully choosing system parameters. If this reasoning holds, it suggests that total entanglement entropy in an artificially entangled system of n-operators is a conserved quantity across a quantum system.

In any case, I highly recommend the technically inclined to read the original paper published by de Vicente. It is published in Physical Review Letters, it is also available to download from the arXive:

[2402.05673] Maximally entangled mixed states for a fixed spectrum do not always exist (arxiv.org)

 

The Role of Oscillators in QTEC

Matched Pair Oscillators

The important point to also keep in mind is that both oscillators you choose for the DMC and the RLB must be matched. Due to the inherent idiosyncrasies present in all electronic componentry, using different, unmatched oscillator devices might give rise to an out-of-bound condition and a defective QTEC device. This is also why digital synthetic oscillators are not used. The digital stepping results in a synthetic sine wave. All the filtering in the world will not turn a synthetic sine wave into a real one, as far as quantum communications is concerned.

Mind you, I’m not complaining too much. I suppose the real miracle is that this crazy system can even work at all, especially at room temperature. A less crazy person than I would have been happy accidentally discovering that the burnt cake he had baked and almost thrown out was an organic room temperature superconductor!

Seriously though, although noise allows the system to work, it also means it operates far below its theoretical potential. The first generation of RLB devices I created were unsuccessful not because they didn’t work, but because the usable output current was far below my detection ability. Slowly, I learned how to massage the noise to improve the transfer efficiency of the pipeline. Mostly by trial and error and guesswork, I pushed the pipeline bandwidth to support more and more usable signals. Shades of Thomas Edison. Though there were some very weak events that might have been happening in the attoampere range, I wasn’t really sure until detection events pushed into the femtoampere range. Then the picoampere range began to open up… that occurred sometime in the 2010s – 2015s.

So what does operating a Qtec super-comm actually look like? Let’s look at a fictional scenario:

 Martian Waves

After a grueling day at the new mining site on Elysium Mons, Mars, you finally wrap up your work. The highlight of the day is the discovery of a well-structured system of lava tubes beneath the surface by your research team. There’s buzz that this site might become a permanent research station or even the location for a future colony. As you glance at the time, a wave of excitement washes over you. Back on Earth, your wife is preparing the super-comm in your den, and you eagerly flip the switch on your own system. Little Timmy had his math test today, and you’re anxious to hear how he did. Hearing your family’s voices and the familiar sounds of Earth makes this two-year stint with the Company bearable.

Once your super-comm is fully warmed up, you input the parameters you know your wife is using on her end: a 10-cycle sine wave for the main frequency. You almost set the optical laser pump to red but remember you asked your wife to switch over to the green laser for tonight. The past few nights, the connection quality with red photons wasn’t great—hopefully, tonight’s green photons will improve it. The exact workings of this system remain a mystery to you; even the eccentric inventor who created it probably doesn’t fully understand it, in your opinion. The big brains are still trying to develop a working theory that doesn’t risk destroying the universe, but that’s way above your pay grade. You’re content, and grateful,  being a company geologist working on Mars, enjoying the fabulous pay, guaranteed free education for your kids, and top-notch family medical care for life.

You don’t mind that this Qtec gizmo feels like operating an ancient amateur radio set from the 1970s. It took some learning, but the payoff was immense: instant personal communication from Mars to Earth with your family in real-time, anytime. For the millionth time, you feel lucky that you could afford a personal super-comm. Prices are coming down but are still steep for a family, requiring some sacrifices. Suddenly, your wife’s voice crackles through the speaker. The machine makes her sound like an AM radio newscaster, but you don’t care. A quick glance at the LCD display shows tonight’s connection quality is 58%—good enough for government work, as the saying goes! Everything else fades away as you immerse yourself in the warmth of family and connection.

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